Muay Thai – Thailand’s National Sport

Residing in Thailand inevitably draws you into the fascinating world of Muay Thai, the sport celebrated as “the art of eight limbs.” This captivating form of Thai boxing is more than just a martial art; it’s a vibrant aspect of the culture, deeply embedded in the heart of the nation. When a significant Muay Thai match is broadcast on television, you can’t miss the electrifying atmosphere that engulfs pubs and restaurants as throngs of enthusiastic locals gather, their cheers resonating through the air. The excitement rivals that of football fans in Europe or American football enthusiasts in the United States, creating a palpable sense of community and shared passion.

But what is it about Muay Thai that has sparked such fervour, particularly among Westerners? What lies beneath the surface of this dynamic sport that has captivated the hearts and minds of people far beyond Thailand’s borders? In this exploration, I aim to uncover the essence of Muay Thai, examining not only the techniques and history that underpin it but also the cultural significance and the reasons behind its growing appeal among international fans. Join me as we dig deeper into this intriguing phenomenon and reveal what makes Muay Thai so irresistibly compelling.

Origin & History of Muay Thai

Muay Thai, often referred to as Thai Boxing, is not just a sport; it is a profound cultural emblem and the beloved national martial art of Thailand. With roots stretching back several centuries, this ancient discipline emerged as a formidable form of close-combat, harnessing the body's full potential as a weapon in itself. The rich tapestry of Muay Thai's history, however, is woven with threads of mystery and loss. Scholars today grapple with its definitive origins, primarily due to the tumultuous events of the 14th century when the Burmese forces laid waste to Ayutthaya, the capital of Siam (now Thailand). This catastrophic invasion resulted in the destruction of countless historical records, as temples and repositories of knowledge were raided and their invaluable contents plundered. Although some remnants of this glorious past were salvaged, they now stand as national treasures, precious documents that safeguard the essence of Thai culture and heritage. Known as “The Art of Eight Limbs,” Muay Thai uniquely employs eight points of contact, allowing the body to emulate the weapons of ancient warfare. The fists morph into swords and daggers, the shins and forearms are meticulously conditioned to serve as armour against adversaries' strikes, while the elbows deliver blows akin to a fearsome mace. The legs and knees transform into axes and staffs, crafting a devastating arsenal within a single fighter's form. Every movement is a testament to unity as the body operates as a harmonious whole, with knees and elbows constantly probing for openings while engaging in grappling manoeuvres designed to unsettle and overturn opponents. In contemporary Thailand, the sport has enjoyed a remarkable renaissance, particularly under the patronage of the reigning King, who is a passionate admirer of the sport. Since his ascension to the throne, the sport's prominence has surged, reaching heights unprecedented in its extensive history. The combination of its storied past, intricate techniques and royal endorsement ensures that Muay Thai is more than just a martial art; it is a vibrant celebration of Thai identity and resilience that continues to captivate and inspire people both within Thailand's borders and around the world.

Muay Thai During the Sukhothai Period

In the year 695, corresponding to 1238 in the Buddhist calendar, a pivotal chapter in the history of Thailand began to unfurl in the ancient northern city of Sukhothai. This era marked the birth of the first organised Thai military, established in response to the relentless waves of conflict surging from neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. Sukhothai, the radiant capital of Siam, was under constant threat, and the burgeoning Siamese army was formed to safeguard its people and the governing body, ensuring the safety of the citizens dwelling within the city walls and the surrounding villages. The soldiers of this newly forged army underwent rigorous training in hand-to-hand combat and weaponry, mastering the art of transforming their entire bodies into formidable instruments of defence and offense. This foundational training not only instilled a sense of discipline and strength but ultimately laid the groundwork for what would evolve into the revered martial arts of Muay Thai and Krabi Krabong. As the dangerous spectre of war loomed ever closer, these martial traditions became deeply embedded in the culture of the early Siamese, intertwining the art of combat with their daily lives. As the threat of conflict persisted, training centres gradually began to spring up across the kingdom, heralding the formation of the first Muay Thai camps. These sanctuaries of learning attracted young men from all walks of life, each drawn by diverse motivations: self-defence, physical fitness, and the pursuit of discipline. Within the tranquil confines of many Buddhist temples, monks became ambassadors of this martial heritage, sharing their wisdom and historical narratives, ensuring the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next. What began as a means of survival and defence soon found a wider appeal, with Muay Thai gaining immense popularity among the common folk, while simultaneously being embraced by the elite and royalty. It was understood that skilled warriors were vital to effective leadership, and so the sons of King Phokhun Sri In Tharatit, the inaugural ruler of Sukhothai, were sent to the esteemed Samakorn training centre. Here, they honed their martial skills, preparing themselves to step into roles of leadership as brave and capable future sovereigns of the kingdom. In homage to the rich history of Muay Thai, Phokhun Ram Khamhaeng University, which is named after the creator of the first ancient text devoted to this martial art, now resides in Bangkok. This institution, together with the Sport Authority of Thailand, stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of Muay Thai, a vibrant thread woven into the fabric of Thai identity and culture, reflecting a profound journey of resilience, athleticism, and unity that continues to thrive to this very day.

Muay Thai During the Krungsri Ayutthaya Period

In the tumultuous landscape of Southeast Asia, where strife and conflict surged among emerging nations like Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), and Cambodia, the imperative for robust military forces became glaringly evident. The Thai kingdom, in its quest for survival and security, recognised the pressing need to cultivate a formidable army capable of defending its borders and preserving its sovereignty. To meet this challenge, young men across the nation flocked to specialised training centres, immersing themselves in the rigorous study of warfare. They dedicated their formative years to mastering a diverse array of combat techniques, from hand-to-hand combat to the artful wielding of swords, staffs, and traditional weapons like the stick, collectively known as “Krabi Krabong.” These centres served as crucibles for cultivating martial talent and fostering a deep sense of discipline and honor among the warriors of tomorrow. Among these hubs of military education, the Phudaisawan Center stood out as a beacon of excellence. Renowned for its rigorous curriculum and distinguished instructors, it earned a reputation that transcended mere martial prowess. To the aspiring warriors of the era, the Phudaisawan Center was akin to a prestigious university, offering not just physical training but also instilling values of bravery, loyalty, and strategic thinking essential for the battlefield. As young recruits honed their skills in swordsmanship and pole arms, they forged bonds of camaraderie that would carry them into the crucible of war, ready to defend their homeland with unwavering resolve. The legacy of these training centres would echo through the ages, shaping not just skilled fighters, but resilient guardians of the Thai kingdom’s enduring spirit.

Muay Thai During the King Naresuan Period

King Naresuan, a figure of indomitable spirit and unparalleled valour, possessed an unwavering passion for Muay Thai and the art of combat. His deep connection with the martial discipline went beyond mere sport; it was a fervent calling that would shape his destiny and that of his nation. A warrior unparalleled in skill, he would ultimately carve his name into the annals of history as a legend of Muay Thai, revered for his tactical prowess and fierce determination. In a time when his homeland languished under the oppressive grip of Burmese invaders, King Naresuan recognised the profound potential hidden within the hearts of his people, men who had been vanquished in battle and forced to flee their ancestral lands. Calling upon these warriors, who had suffered under the yoke of tyranny, he inspired them to rise as more than just survivors; he urged them to embrace their latent strength and become scouts and soldiers adept in the treacherous art of jungle warfare.

Under Naresuan's visionary leadership, these men, once defeated and dispirited, transformed into a formidable fighting force, one that would challenge the might of the Burmese occupation and reclaim their homeland. Through relentless training and valorous spirit, they honed their skills in the dense jungles and treacherous terrains of Thailand, forging a brotherhood that was united by a singular purpose: liberation. As the dawn of the new century approached around 1600, the tides began to turn. King Naresuan, emboldened by the unity of his men and their shared yearning for freedom, led a series of daring campaigns that would shake the very foundations of the Burmese empire. His legacy as a Muay Thai master intertwined with his role as a liberator, inspiring generations to come with tales of courage, resilience, and the unbreakable bond between a king and his people. In this grand saga of bravery, Muay Thai emerged not just as a form of combat, but as a symbol of resistance and a beacon of hope for all those who yearned for freedom. King Naresuan’s name would be etched into the hearts of his people, not merely as a ruler, but as a legend whose love for the art of fighting would ignite a nationalistic fervour that would forever alter the course of Thailand's history.

Muay Thai During the King Narai Period

During this transformative era, Muay Thai emerged as Thailand's national sport, solidifying its foundational traditions that would endure for the next four centuries. Key cultural symbols began to take shape, including the Mongkong, which is a ceremonial headband worn by fighters and the pa-pra-jiat, an armband that signifies honour and respect. The very first "ring" was ingeniously created by laying ropes in a square or circular formation on the ground, establishing a designated arena for battle. In those early days, combatants wrapped their hands and forearms with hemp ropes, creating makeshift hand coverings that provided protection and increased striking potential. To enhance the impact of their blows, fighters sometimes used a thick, starchy paste to bind the threads, hardening the surface and making each punch even more formidable. In the sport's nascent stages, the organising principles we know today were non-existent; fighters entered the ring without regard for weight, height, experience, or age. The matches unfolded without time constraints, continuing until one participant emerged victorious. Local champions proudly defended their home cities or villages, often fighting on behalf of affluent patrons or nobles. These contests were more than mere sport; they served as a means of resolving disputes, where a loss could lead to diminished status for both fighters and their backers. Spectators revelled in the thrill of Muay Thai matches, and much like today, gambling on outcomes was a wildly popular pastime, adding an extra layer of excitement to the events staged in stadiums across the nation. Thus, the spirit of Muay Thai, with its rich traditions and cultural significance, has not only survived but flourished through the ages, making it a beloved aspect of Thai heritage.

Muay Thai During the King Prachao Sua “Tiger King” Period

King Prachao Sua had a deep passion for Muay Thai, finding great joy in competing in tournaments across small cities and villages. His love for the sport compelled him to disguise himself as a commoner to enter these competitions unnoticed. By concealing his true identity, he was able to test his skills against renowned fighters without the burden of his royal status hindering their willingness to face him in combat. Legend has it that Prachao Sua proved his prowess by triumphing over formidable opponents known as Nai Klan Madthai (Killing Fists), Nai Yai Madklek (Fists of Iron), and Nai Lek Madnok (Strong Fists). His moniker as the "Tiger King" stemmed not only from his martial abilities but also from the necessity of masking his regal persona to engage in the bouts freely. The Thai people revered their King so immensely that they would have hesitated to challenge him out of respect for his position. Such was the King's dedication to Muay Thai that he passed down his fervour to his two sons, the princes of Thailand, instructing them in the arts of Muay Thai, swordsmanship, and wrestling. This led to the establishment of the Department of Royal Boxing, tasked with identifying and enlisting skilled fighters to entertain the royalty and serve as guards in Thani Lir, the royal court. These elite guards were not only charged with protecting the monarch but also with training members of the royal family in combat techniques and the art of Muay Thai, a crucial aspect during the ongoing conflicts with Cambodia and Burma.

Muay Thai During the Thonburi Period

In the era of Thonburi, a transformative period for Thailand marked by burgeoning peace and the gradual restoration of the kingdom, the practice of Muay Thai evolved significantly. Originally reserved primarily for soldiers in the military, Muay Thai had become a beloved pastime for civilians as well. With the newfound tranquillity in the country, the sport transitioned into a more competitive landscape, paving the way for thrilling showdowns between formidable fighters from different camps. The absence of formal regulations meant that these matches were raw and intense, culminating in fierce battles that persisted until a definitive victor emerged triumphant. Camps eagerly pitted their top talents against one another, creating spectacles that captivated audiences and showcased the prowess of the athletes. As the spirit of competition flourished, Muay Thai became not only a test of physical skill but also a demonstration of mental fortitude and strategic prowess, embodying the essence of Thailand's martial tradition in an era of burgeoning peace and reconstruction.

Muay Thai During the Ratanakosin Era

During the reign of Rama I, Muay Thai emerged not merely as a martial art but as a defining component of Thailand's national identity. This period marked a transformative era for the sport, as it transitioned from its grassroots origins into a formalised discipline complete with established rules and regulations. With the royal endorsement, Muay Thai became woven into the very fabric of Thai culture, celebrated at festivals and communal gatherings throughout the kingdom. The unique traditions of the sport were reflected in its timing mechanisms as well. Instead of conventional timekeeping methods, the length of each round was ingeniously measured using a coconut, an everyday object imbued with cultural significance. A small hole was created in the coconut, allowing it to float on water. As the round progressed, the coconut would fill with water, gradually becoming heavier until it finally sank to the bottom of a barrel, signalling the end of that round. This natural and resourceful method not only lent an air of authenticity to the fights but also engaged spectators in an exhilarating spectacle that mirrored the rhythm of the combatants' movements. Despite this innovative timing system, the fighting itself was relentless; there were no prescribed limits to the number of rounds that could occur within a single match. Fighters demonstrated their endurance and skill, continuing to clash until a decisive victor emerged or one combatant was left standing. This no-holds-barred approach to competition underscored the spirit of determination and valour that characterised Muay Thai, captivating audiences and solidifying its status as a cherished national sport. As the art of eight limbs, using fists, elbows, knees and shins, became more codified; it also began to reflect the values of Thai society: strength, discipline, and respect. The evolution of Muay Thai during this era not only established it as a compelling sport but also as a vital cultural legacy that continues to resonate within Thailand and beyond, inspiring generations of fighters and enthusiasts alike.

Muay Thai During the King Rama V Period - Golden Age of Muay Thai

King Rama V, a visionary monarch of Thailand, profoundly understood the cultural and martial significance of Muay Thai, dedicating his efforts to elevate the sport from the late 1880s through the dawn of the 20th century. Recognising Muay Thai not only as a form of physical prowess but also as a vital component of national identity and pride, he embarked on a mission to promote and institutionalise it throughout the kingdom. Under his patronage, a series of grand tournaments were organised, showcasing the athleticism and spirit of Muay Thai fighters. These events were more than mere competitions; they were spectacles that captivated the populace and fostered a sense of community and enthusiasm for the martial art. In addition to these tournaments, King Rama V established "Muay Luang," or Royally appointed Boxing Centres, which became vital hubs for training and honing the skills of aspiring fighters across the nation. These centres not only served as training grounds but also as platforms for the King to identify potential personal guards and royal officers, as he often sought out the most skilled fighters for positions of honour and responsibility within his court. The King's commitment to Muay Thai extended beyond mere patronage. He actively invited the top fighters from these Royal Muay Thai Centres to participate in prestigious tournaments, festivals, and significant international events, offering them personal invitations that underscored their status as elite athletes. This not only provided the fighters with opportunities for recognition and advancement but also fostered a sense of loyalty and pride among them, as they represented the Kingdom on larger stages. In a further testament to his dedication to the sport, King Rama V established the Department of Education in 1887, integrating Muay Thai into the curriculum of the Military Cadet Teachers School. This initiative highlighted his belief in the importance of martial arts as a discipline that cultivates physical fitness, mental fortitude, and respect for tradition among the future leaders of the nation. By embedding Muay Thai into the educational framework, he ensured that the art form would not merely survive but thrive, passed down through generations as an integral part of Thailand's cultural heritage. King Rama V's influence on Muay Thai was transformative, laying the groundwork for its evolution into a celebrated national sport. His legacy endures, as the principles he championed continue to resonate within the heart of Muay Thai, inspiring countless athletes and fostering a deep-rooted respect for this ancient combat art that remains a symbol of Thai identity and pride today.

Muay Thai During the King Rama VI Period

Muay Thai first made its mark on Europe and the world during the tumultuous backdrop of the First World War. Thai soldiers stationed in France found camaraderie and morale in organised Muay Thai bouts, where their formidable skills were pitted against local French boxers. This cultural exchange laid the groundwork for a sport that would transcend borders. Post-war, the establishment of the first permanent boxing stadium at Suan Khoolab School became a pivotal moment in the history of Muay Thai. In those early days, fighters wrapped their hands in cotton and hemp, eschewing the modern gloves we see today. They donned traditional Mongkongs atop their heads and pra-jiats around their biceps, embodying the rich heritage of their craft.

The Ram Muay & The Wai Kroo

The Wai Kroo is a mesmerising ritual dance performed by fighters before they step into the ring, steeped in centuries of tradition. This sacred ceremony pays homage to the fighter's teacher, the art of Muay Thai, and the fighter's homeland. Each Ram Muay is distinct, reflecting the unique style and philosophy of the master instructor who imparts it to their students. As the student gracefully dances around the ring, they honour each corner by touching the posts with a heartfelt prayer, demonstrating profound respect for their opponent and the spirits that watch over the bout.

Modern Muay Thai

Muay Thai has progressed significantly over the past 100 years. Due to the noticeable national popularity, it began to garner international recognition and exposure. In World War II, after formally being introduced to Muay Thai, foreigners named it “Siam Boxing”, as Thailand was formerly Siam. The French labelled it as “Le Sport Orient” or the fighting style of the orient. Soldiers from Europe and America would watch attentively as the Thai soldiers practiced Muay Thai amongst themselves. They were so impressed with the style of fighting that they asked the Thai soldiers to teach them the fundamentals and traditions of Muay Thai. As it became more popular internationally, the rules began to change so it could be better organised and governed like established sports such as boxing. In the 1920’s, rings were introduced to replace open courtyards, which ultimately planted the roots of modern Muay Thai. Gloves similar to those used in boxing matches replaced the old horsehide, hemp rope or leather bindings and a hard-cover groin protector was added as extra protection from brutal kicks and knees. The first formal rules were introduced to the sport of Muay Thai after WW II ended. Fights were divided into 5 rounds with a time limit on each; a clock was used to determine the length of each round instead of a coconut shell with holes sinking in a barrel of water, and major Muay Thai stadiums were erected in large cities throughout the country (namely Bangkok, Sukothai and Chiang Mai). Bangkok’s Lumpini Stadium is now almost considered the “holy ground” to the masses of Muay Thai fighters, local and foreign. An integrated system of weight-classes, absolute rules and championships was brought to life in the years ahead as the organization of the sport began to resemble boxing. Unlike boxing in Europe and America, Muay Thai fighters make very little money fighting. Many will take fights every 3-4 weeks, earning 4000-6000 baht ($100), which is barely enough to support themselves, let alone a family if they have one. Muay Thai fighters train many hours a day and often begin when they are 6-8 years of age. They typically take their first fight when they are 8-10 years old and may accumulate as many as 120-150 (3 times as many as an active boxer) before they reach their mid-twenties. Due to how physically demanding the sport is, and how early the average Thai begins fighting, Muay Thai fighters generally do not have long careers. Muay Thai fighters are known for their tough skin and ability to ignore pain and injuries, which are quite common. The fighters deal with everything from cuts and lacerations to the face and head to broken bones and severe sprains throughout their careers. Today Muay Thai is becoming very popular on a global scale. It was recently accepted as an Olympic sport, finally gaining its deserved recognition. Professional martial artists from all sides of the fighting spectrum agree, Muay Thai is essential to becoming an all-around multifaceted fighter. As new training camps and gyms open around the world, Muay Thai will continue to grow in popularity.

Early Styles of Muay Thai Training Methods

Before there were TWINS Muay Thai heavy bags, agility balls, long banana bags and other equipment we use to today, Muay Thai fighters had to be resourceful and rely on readily available tools to help them train and condition. Thailand’s tropical environment garners an abundance of banana and coconut trees, rivers and streams and manual labor; all of which fighters relied on to become better and more skilled in the sport. One of the most popular and well known training techniques of “old-style” Muay Thai fighters was kicking banana trees. The soft and porous nature of the banana tree was ideal for practicing leg kicks and knee strikes. Fighters would practicing striking using a tree around 18-24 inches in diameter, and slowly wore it down using a variety of techniques until it fell over. The banana tree was preferred because it was soft enough to not damage the fighter’s leg, but hard enough to powerfully strike with kicks or knees many times before it would fall over. Often, fighters would roll small logs along their shins or strike them with bags of sand, the intention being to toughen the skin and build calluses which would provide extra protection during a fight. Hard shins and tough skin were an important part of being a good Muay Thai fighter. The Thai women would collect the fallen leaves of the banana trees in an effort to not waste anything. They would use them as serving plates for food and cut sections from the tree to form “Kratongs”, which are small, floating decorations used on the Thai holiday “Loy Kratong.” The coconut tree was also utilised in many creative ways when it came to training. The Thai fighters would often climb them to strengthen their legs, slowly pushing with their feet and contracting their thigh muscles. The rough bark helped harden their feet, and even the coconuts themselves were used to aid in training. The fighters would place half of a broken coconut shell on the ground, partially fill it with sand, and then repeatedly strike their elbows into the shell and sand. This helped them practice their aim while simultaneously toughening their elbows, making them hard and coarse for fighting. To practice striking accuracy on a moving target, the Thai warriors would often hang a coconut or lime from a string or vine and punch, kick, elbow and knee the moving target which mimicked their opponent in the ring. It is also believed that the fighters would slowly and methodically strike the hard husk of a coconut with their fists until it split, exposing the fruit inside. This can still be seen at Muay Thai shows for tourists throughout the Kingdom of Thailand. Another popular and effective method for strength training was digging a small pit from knee to waist deep to jump in an out of. The fighter would only use the strength and explosive power of his legs to propel him upwards and land on his feet. This is very similar to the modern practice of plyometric training popular among Muay Thai and MMA fighters today. Thai fighters would also practice walking against the current of a strong stream and through thick, muddy rice fields to help build strong calf and thigh muscles. In order to practice not blinking their eyes when getting struck in the face, the Muay Thai fighters would stand in rivers and slap the water into their faces while attempting to keep their eyes open. Another favoured and very popular Muay Thai training technique is called the Muay Thai circle. A group of fighters would form a circle with one person in the middle. The fighter in the middle would then train with each person in the circle for a designated amount of time, switching at even intervals. They would often go through 5-6 opponents in a row, for approximately 10 minutes, to improve their clinching skills while building endurance and stamina. If a fighter can train for 10 minutes without a break, then a 3 minute round in the ring will be much easier to endure. For improved focus and strength, most Muay Thai fighters in Thailand take Black Galingale.

“Boxing is the ultimate challenge. There's nothing that can compare to testing yourself the way you do every time you step in the ring” - Unknown